Table of Contents
  1. About the Author 1
  2. Dedication and Ackowledgements 2
  3. Introduction 5
    1. Why did I write this book? 6
  4. Chapter 1 Purpose and Scope 7
    1. 1.1 What is the purpose of this guide? 7
    2. 1.2 Scope of the guide 8
    3. 1.3 Sharing Best Practice 8
    4. 1.4 Who can use the guide? 8
  5. Chapter 2 What is Arc Flash? 9
    1. 2.1 Arc Flash Injury 9
    2. 2.2 Causes of Arc Flash 9
    3. 2.3 Consequences of an Electrical Arc Flash 10
    4. 2.4 Which Factors affect the Severity of an Arc Flash? 13
    5. 2.5 Blast pressure, sound attenuation & distance 13
  6. Chapter 3 Risk Assessments and the Four P Guide 14
    1. 3.1 Hazard and Risk 14
    2. 3.2 Arc Flash Risk Model 15
    3. 3.3 Four Ps Approach to Arc Flash Management 16
  7. Chapter 4 Prediction 18
    1. 4.1 What Does Arc Flash Hazard Prediction Tell Me? 18
    2. 4.2 Hazard Calculation Methods 19
    3. 4.3 The Fault Level Paradox 22
  8. Chapter 5 Prevention & Minimisation 23
    1. 5.1 Elimination of Live Working 23
    2. 5.2 Protection Settings 23
    3. 5.3 Improved Protection Schemes 24
    4. 5.4 Switchgear Design 27
    5. 5.5 Operations Sequence 30
    6. 5.6 Remote Operation and Switching 30
    7. 5.7 Partial Discharge Testing 31
  9. Chapter 6 Process, Policies & Procedures 32
    1. 6.1 Safe Procedures, Safe People and Safe Places 32
    2. 6.2 Safety Rules and Procedures 32
    3. 6.3 Electrical Maintenance Program 33
    4. 6.4 Signs, Labelling and Field Marking of Equipment in Europe 34
    5. 6.5 Competence 34
    6. 6.6 New Work and Alterations 36
    7. 6.7 Approval of Electrical Test Equipment & Tools 37
    8. 6.8 Thermography and Partial Discharge Testing 37
    9. 6.9 Risk Assessments – Practical Approach 37
    10. 6.10 Dynamic Risk Assessment Checklist 39
    11. 6.11 Testing for DEAD 41
    12. 6.12 Live Testing, Fault Finding and Diagnostics 44
  10. Chapter 7 Protection 46
    1. 7.1 Standards for PPE in Europe 46
    2. 7.2 Selection of PPE 47
    3. 7.3 CE Marking 48
    4. 7.4 Types of Arc Flash PPE 48
    5. 7.5 PPE Test Methods for the Electric Arc Hazard 50
    6. 7.6 Summary of Minimum Arc Thermal Performance for Protective Clothing from IEC 61482-2 53
    7. 7.7 Head, Face and Eyes Protection 55
    8. 7.8 Hand Protection 55
    9. 7.9 Foot Protection 55
    10. 7.10 Hearing 55
    11. 7.11 Pragmatic Approaches to PPE Selection 55
  11. Chapter 8 Data Collection 56
    1. 8.1 Planning 56
    2. 8.2 Supply Source Data 58
    3. 8.3 The Survey 60
    4. 8.4 Protection Data 62
    5. 8.5 Low Voltage Cables and Distribution Busbars 70
    6. 8.6 Transformers 71
    7. 8.7 Motors 71
    8. 8.8 Working Distance 72
    9. 8.9 Modes of Operation 72
    10. 8.10 Consolidation of Data 72
  12. Chapter 9 Electrical Duty Holders 73
    1. 9.1 Safe Procedures, People and Places 73
    2. 9.2 System Study 74
    3. 9.3 The Risk Gap 75
    4. 9.4 Choices of Approach to Predicting the Hazard 75
    5. 9.5 Prioritisation 76
    6. 9.6 Hazard Calculators 77
  13. Chapter 10 Service Providers and Contractors 78
    1. 10.1 Strategy 78
    2. 10.2 The 4P Approach for Service Providers 78
    3. 10.3 What else can I do to manage the arc flash risk? 80
  14. Chapter 11 Electrical Utilities 81
    1. 11.1 So, what makes electrical utilities special? 81
    2. 11.2 Project Overview 81
    3. 11.3 Strategy 81
    4. 11.4 Methodology 81
    5. 11.5 Modelling and Data Gathering 82
    6. 11.6 Assumptions and Generalisations 82
    7. 11.7 Results and Conclusions 83
    8. 11.8 Personal Protective Equipment 85
    9. 11.9 Protection in practice 85
    10. 11.10 Acknowledgements 85
  15. Chapter 12 Myths & Mistakes 86
    1. 12.1 Arc Flash is much more than PPE 86
    2. 12.2 “You have to be a maths genius in order to carry out arc flash calculations!” 86
    3. 12.3 “An Arc Flash Evaluation is a Huge Task” 87
    4. 12.4 “We do not need to do arc flash evaluation in Europe.” 87
    5. 12.5 “You will be killed in the blast above 40 cal/cm2.” 87
    6. 12.6 “Incident Energy below 1.2 cal/cm2 means no injury.” 87
    7. 12.7 Live Working on Damaged Equipment 88
    8. 12.8 Arcing Damage to a Primary Substation 89
    9. 12.9 Hospital Design Mistake 89
    10. 12.10 Changing Busbar Tap off Units 90
    11. 12.11 Finger Safe does not equal Arc Safe 91
    12. 12.12 Competence (or lack of it!) 91
    13. 12.13 Connecting Cables into Live Equipment 92
    14. 12.14 PPE – Getting it wrong! 93
    15. 12.15 “Am I responsible for the competence of my contractors?” 94
  16. Chapter 13 Complex Software Guide 95
    1. 13.1 Compatibility 95
    2. 13.2 Single Line Diagram 95
    3. 13.3 Fault level study 95
    4. 13.4 Protection coordination study 95
    5. 13.5 Arc flash evaluation 96
    6. 13.6 Number of buses 96
    7. 13.7 What else do you need to use the software for? 96
    8. 13.8 Labels 96
    9. 13.9 Technical Support 96
    10. 13.10 North American Electrical Safety Standards 96
    11. 13.11 Cost 96
  17. Chapter 14 Hazard & Severity Calculators 97
    1. Introduction 97
    2. 14.1 IEEE 1584 Incident Energy Calculator (LEVEL 1) 98
    3. 14.2 LV Circuit Breaker Calculator (LEVEL 2) 101
    4. 14.3 Incident Energy HRC Fuse Charts. (LEVEL 2) 104
    5. 14.4 LV Devices (Fuses and MCBs) up to 125A calculator (LEVEL 3) 105
    6. 14.5 DC Incident Energy Calculator (LEVEL 1) 106
    7. 14.6 Blast Pressure Calculator (LEVEL 2) 108
    8. 14.7 DGUV Box Test Algorithm Calculator (LEVEL 1) 108
    9. 14.8 Prospective Short Circuit Current Calculator Tool 110
    10. 14.9 LV HRC Fuse Time Current Curve Tool 113
    11. 14.10 Risk Assessment Forms 113
    12. 14.11 IDMT Time Current Curve Calculator 114
  18. Chapter 15 Why Do Arc Flash Calculations? 116
    1. 15.1 Root out danger 116
    2. 15.2 Keeping people out of restrictive PPE 116
    3. 15.3 The first step in risk assessment 116
    4. 15.4 Examples of where calculations would have prevented accidents 116
    5. 15.5 Helps to comply with the law 116
    6. 15.6 90% of the effort for a study is what we should be doing anyway 116
    7. 15.7 Design problems are averted 116
    8. 15.8 Providing knowledge to workers 117
    9. 15.9 An essential tool for the designer 117
    10. 15.10 Improves electrical safety management 117
  19. Chapter 16 Rules, Codes & Legislation 118
    1. Introduction 118
    2. 16.1 Europe - Electrical Safety 118
    3. 16.2 Other EU Directives 119
    4. 16.3 UK and Ireland 119
    5. 16.4 Examples of specific legislative requirements satisfied by arc flash analysis 120
    6. 16.5 Brexit 121
    7. 16.6 The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 121
    8. 16.7 Directory of Useful Legislation and Standards 121
    9. 16.8 DGUV -I- 203-5188 E Guide to the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment 123
    10. 16.9 NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace 123
  20. Bibliography 124
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